Minoritas dalam Minoritas: Agensi Religius dalam Penutupan Tempat Ibadah Jemaat Gereja Bethel Indonesia di Langsa, Aceh
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.58405/aw.v2i1.48Keywords:
Religious agency, Indonesia Bethel Church, AcehAbstract
This article examines the Indonesia Bethel Church (GBI, Gereja Bethel Indonesia) in Langsa, Aceh, Indonesia. Based on the concept of a religious agency, the article explores how the Langsa GBI community treats religious beliefs in the midst of interest after the sealing of private places of worship that are considered to be churches by the town government of Langsa. Qualitative data was collected through participatory observations, semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions to members of the GBI community in Langsa conducted arround the course of 2015-2021. The author also interviewed Christians outside of the GBI members as well as Muslims in the research area to explore their constructions towards the topics discussed. This paper finds fragmentation of the religious agency of the GBI in Langsa in an effort to practice and treat believed religious doctrines when faced with interests or critical situations. The status of a minority within the minority and the way they represent the situation influence the articulation of religious agency.
Downloads
References
Abu-Rabia-Queder, Sarab, and Naomi Weiner-Levy. 2013. “Between Local and Foreign Structures: Exploring the Agency of Palestinian Women in Israel.” Social Politics 20(1): 88–108.
Al-deen, Taghreed Jamal. 2019. “Agency in Action: Young Muslim Women and Negotiating Higher Education in Australia.” British Journal of Sociology of Education 40(5): 598–613.
Amri, Yaser, and Muhammad Ansor. 2022. “Shari’a State and the Making of Christian’s Polyphonic Narrations in Contemporary Aceh, Indonesia.” Journal of Contemporary Islam and Muslim Societies 5(2): 250–89. http://jurnal.uinsu.ac.id/index.php/JCIMS/article/view/9700.
Ansor, Muhammad. 2014a. “‘Kita Kan Beda!’: Persamaan Remaja Perempuan Muslim Dan Kristen Di Langsa, Aceh.” Harmoni 13(2): 37–50.
———. 2014b. “‘We Are from the Same Ancestors’’: Christian-Muslim Relations in Contemporary Aceh Singkil.’” Al-Albab 3(1): 3–24.
———. 2020. “Agensi Perempuan Kristen Dalam Ruang Publik Islam Aceh.” Sekolah Pasasarjana UIN Syarif Hidayatullah.
Ansor, Muhammad, and Yaser Amri. 2016. “Beyond Pious Critical Agency: Women, Interfaith Marriage and Religious Conversion In Aceh.” Analisa 1(2): 217–38.
———. 2020. “Being Christians in the Acehnese Way: Illiberal Citizenship and Women’s Agency in the Islamic Public Sphere.” Journal of Indonesian Islam 14(1): 77–112.
Ansor, Muhammad, Yaser Amri, and Ismail Fahmi Arrauf. 2016. “Under the Shadow of Sharia: Christian Muslim Relations from Acehnese Christian Experience.” Komunitas 8(1): 125–34.
Ansor, Muhammad, and Cut Intan Meutia. 2016. “Jilbab Dan Reproduksi Identitas Perempuan Kristen Ruang Publik Sekolah Aceh.” Kawistara 6(2): 157–74.
Archer, Margaret S. 2017. Structure, Culture and Agency Selected Papers of Margaret Archer. eds. Tom Brock, Mark Carrigan, and Graham Scambler. London and New York: Routledge.
Asad, Talal. 2000. “Agency and Pain: An Exploration.” Culture and Religion: An Interdisciplinary Journal 1(1): 29–60.
Avishai, Orit. 2008. “‘Doing Religion’ in a Secular World: Women in Conservative Religions and the Question of Agency.” Gender & Society 22(4): 409–33.
Bangstad, Sindre. 2011. “Saba Mahmood and Anthropological Feminism After Virtue.” Theory, Culture & Society 28(3): 28–54.
Bautista, Julius. 2008. “The Meta-Theory of Piety: Reflections on the Work of Saba Mahmood.” Contemporary Islam 2(1): 75–83.
Benhabib, Seyla. 1992. Situating the Self: Gender, Community and Postmodernism in Contemporary Ethics. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Bilge, Sirma. 2010. “Beyond Subordination vs. Resistance: An Intersectional Approach to the Agency of Veiled Muslim Women.” Journal of Intercultural Studies 31(1): 9–28.
Butler, Judith. 1999. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Taylor and Francis e-Library.
Cardozo, Mieke T. A. Lopes, and Eka Srimulyani. 2018. “Analysing the Spectrum of Female Education Leaders’ Agency in Islamic Boarding Schools in Post-Conflict Aceh, Indonesia.” Gender and Education: 1–17.
Creswell, John W. 2007. Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches. London: Sage Publications.
Crouch, Melissa. 2010. “Implementing the Regulation on Places of Worship in Indonesia: New Problems, Local Politics and Court Action.” Asian Studies Review 34(4): 403–19.
———. 2016. “Legislating Inter-Religious Harmony: Attempts at Reform in Indonesia.” In Religion, Law and Intolerance in Indonesia, eds. Tim Lindsey and Helen Pausacker. New York: Routledge, 95–112.
Febriandi, Yogi. 2018. “Identitas Tunggal Dan Minoritas Non-Muslim Di Kota Langsa.” In Praktik Pengelolaan Keragaman Di Indonesia: Konstruksi Identitas Dan Ekslusi Sosial, eds. Mohammad Iqbal Ahnaf, Trisno Sutanto, Subandri Simbolon, and Azin Anwar Fachrudin. Yogyakarta: CRCS Universitas Gadjah Mada, 133–48.
Febriandi, Yogi, and Yaser Amri. 2021. “Stuck In Sharia Space The Experiences of Christian Students in Langsa, Aceh.” Al-Jami’ah 59(1).
Febriandi, Yogi, Muhammad Ansor, and Nursiti Nursiti. 2021. “Seeking Justice Through Qanun Jinayat: The Narratives of Female Victims of Sexual Violence in Aceh, Indonesia.” QIJIS (Qudus International Journal of Islamic Studies) 9(1): 103–40. https://journal.iainkudus.ac.id/index.php/QIJIS/article/view/8029.
Gholamhosseini, Roja et al. 2019. “The Place of Public Space in the Lives of Middle Eastern Women Migrants in Australia.” Journal of Urban Design 24(2): 269–89. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13574809.2018.1498293.
Goode, William J., and Paul K. Hatt. 1952. Methods in Social Research. New York, Toronto, London: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.
Griffin, Alexandria Gale. 2014. “(In)Visible Piety: Reading Mormon Garments Through Hijab.” Claremont Graduate University.
Hartmann, Jorg. 2016. “Do Second-Generation Turkish Migrants in Germany Assimilate into the Middle Class?” Ethnicities 16(3): 368–92.
Hays, Sharon. 1994. “Structure and Agency and the Sticky Problem of Culture.” Sociological Theory 12(1): 57–72.
Hoon, Chang-Yau. 2016. “Religious Aspirations among Urban Christians in Contemporary Indonesia.” International Sociology 31(4): 413–31.
Hoon, Chang-You. 2013. “Between Evangelism and Multiculturalism: The Dynamics of Protestant Christianity in Indonesia.” Social Compass 60(4): 457–70.
Ichwan, Moch Nur, Arskal Salim, and Eka Srimulyani. 2020. “Islam and Dormant Citizenship: Soft Religious Ethno-Nationalism and Minorities in Aceh, Indonesia.” Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations 31(2): 215–40. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09596410.2020.1780407.
Kabeer, Naila. 1999. “Resources, Agency, Achievements: Reflections on the Measurement of Women’s Empowerment.” Development and Change 30(3): 435–64.
Keating, Maree. 2013. “Rethingking Women’s Resistance and Agency: The Case of Retrenched Textile Workers.” Labour & Industry: A Journal of the Social and Economic Relations of Work 23(2): 137–49.
Keygnaert, Ines, Nicole Vettenburg, and Marleen Temmerman. 2012. “Hidden Violence Is Silent Rape: Sexual and Gender-Based Violence in Refugees, Asylum Seekers and Undocumented Migrants in Belgium and the Netherlands.” Culture, Health & Sexuality 14(5): 505–20.
Kloos, David. 2016. “The Salience of Gender: Female Islamic Authority in Aceh, Indonesia.” Asian Studies Review 40(4): 527–44.
Lucas, Sarah Drewes. 2018. “The Primacy of Narrative Agency: Re-Reading Seyla Benhabib on Narrativity.” Feminist Theory 19(2): 123–43.
Madibbo, Amal I. 2006. Minority within a Minority: Black Francophone Immigrants and the Dynamics of Power and Resistance. London and New York: Routledge.
Mahmood, Saba. 2001. “Feminist Theory, Embodiment, and the Docile Agent: Some Reflections on the Egyptian Islamic Revival.” Cultural Anthropology 16(2): 202–36.
———. 2005. Politics of Piety: The Islamic Revival and the Feminist Subject. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
———. 2006. “Feminist Theory, Agency, and the Liberatory Subject: Some Reflections on the Islamic Revival in Egypt.” The Finnish Society for the Study of Religion 42(1): 31–71.
Makin, Al. 2016. “Islamic Acehnese Identity, Sharia, and Christianization Rumor: A Study of the Narratives of the Attack on the Bethel Church in Penauyong Banda Aceh.” Journal of Indonesian Islam 10(01): 1–36.
Marvasti, Amir B. 2004. Qualitative Research in Sociology. London: Sage Publications.
Mawardi, Muhammad Suhaili Sufyan, Yusmami, and Azwir. 2019. “Identity Negotiation of Christian and Muslim Students in Interaction Between Religions in Langsa.” Miqot 43(2): 261–77.
McNay, Lois. 1999. “Subject, Psyche and Agency: The Work of Judith Butler.” Theory Culture Society 16(2): 175–93.
———. 2004. “Agency and Experience: Gender as a Lived Relation.” In Feminism after Bourdieu, eds. Lisa Adkins and Baverley Skeggs. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 175–90.
———. 2008a. Against Recognition. Cambridge: Polity Press.
———. 2008b. “The Trouble with Recognition: Subjectivity, Suffering, and Agency.” Sociological Theory 26(3): 271–96.
Meyers, Diana Tietjens. 2002. Gender in the Mirror: Cultural Imagery and Women’s Agency. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
Miles, Mathew B, A. Michael Huberman, Tjetjep Rohendi Rohidi, and Mulyarto. 1992. Qualitative Data Analysis (About New Methods). Jakarta: UI Press.
Miles, Matthew B., and A. Michael Huberman. 1994. An Expanded Sorcebook Qualitative Data Analysis. Thousand Oaks, London New Delhi: Sage Publications.
Mishra, Nripendra Kishore, and Tulika Tripathi. 2011. “Conceptualising Women’s Agency, Autonomy and Empowerment.” Economic and Political Review 46(11): 58–65.
Mubarok. 1995. Rangkuman Peta Keagamaan Di Indonesia. Jakarta: Departemen Agama Republik Indonesia Badan Proyek Penelitian dan Pengembangan Agama.
Muhajir, Ahmad, Dewi Yuliati, and Yety Rochwulaningsih. 2017. “Industrialisasi Dan Eksistensi Kota Langsa Pada Era Kolonial, 1907-1942.” Paramita: Historical Studies Journal 27(1): 63–76.
Mujiburrahman. 2006. Feeling Threatened: Muslim-Christian Relations in Indonesia’s New Order. Leiden: Amsterdam University Press.
Nagar-Ron, Sigal, and Pnina Motzafi-Haller. 2011. “‘My Life? There Is Not Much to Tell ’: On Voice, Silence and Agency in Interviews With First-Generation Mizrahi Jewish Women Immigrants to Israel.” Qualitative Inquiry 17(7): 653–63.
Nussbaum, Martha C. 2000. Women and Human Development: The Capabilities Approach. Cambridge, New Yor, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo: Cambridge University Press.
Okin, Susan Moller. 1999. “Is Multiculturalism Bad for Women?” In Is Multiculturalism Bad for Women?, eds. Joshua Cohen, Matthew Howard, and Martha C. Nussbaum. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 7–26.
Pfeffer, Carla A. 2012. “Normative Resistance and Inventive Pragmatism: Negotiating Structure and Agency in Transgender Families.” Gender & Society 26(4): 574–602.
Pype, Katrien. 2006. “Dancing for God or the Devil: Pentecostal Discourse on Popular Dance in Kinshasa.” Journal of Religion in Africa 36(3–4): 296–318.
Richmond, Oliver P. 2011. “Critical Agency, Resistance and a Post-Colonial Civil Society.” Cooperation and Conflict 46(4): 419–40.
Rinaldo, Rachel. 2008. “Envisioning the Nation: Women Activists, Religion and the Public Sphere in Indonesia.” Social Forces 86(4): 1781–1804.
———. 2013. Mobilizing Piety: Islam and Feminism in Indonesia. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
———. 2014a. “Pious and Critical: Muslim Women Activists and the Question of Agency.” Gender and Society 28(6): 824–46.
———. 2014b. “Pious and Critical: Muslim Women Activists and the Question of Agency.” Gender & Society 20(10): 1–23.
Ropi, Ismatu. 2017. Religion and Regulation in Indonesia. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan.
Saragent, Carolyn, and Stephanie Larchanche. 2009. “The Muslim Body and the Politics of Immigration in France: Popular and Biomedical Representations of Malian Migrant Women.” Body & Society 13(3): 79–102.
Scharbrodt, Oliver. 2019. “A Minority within a Minority?: The Complexity and Multilocality of Transnational Twelver Shia Networks in Britain.” Contemporary Islam 13(3): 287–305. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11562-018-0431-0.
Scott, James C. 1985. Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Resistance. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
———. 1990. Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
———. 2013. Decoding Subaltern Politics: Ideology, Disguise, and Resistance in Agrarian Politics. London and New York: Routledge.
Sewell Jr, William H. 1992. “A Theory of Structure: Duality, Agency, and Transformation.” American Journal of Sociology 98(1): 1–29.
Shihab, Alwi. 1998. Membendung Arus: Respon Gerakan Muhammadiyah Terhadap Penetrasi Misi Kristen Di Indonesia. Bandung: Mizan.
———. 2004. “Christian–Muslim Relations into the Twenty‐first Century.” Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations 15(1): 65–77. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09596410310001631821.
Srimulyani, Eka. 2014. “Gender in Contemporary Acehnese Dayah: Moving beyond Docile Agency?” In Gender and Power in Indonesian Islam: Leaders, Feminists, Sufis and Pesantren Selves, eds. Bianca J. Smith and Mark Woodward. London and New York: Routledge, 66–80.
———. 2016. “Teungku Inong Dayah: Female Religious Leaders in Contemporary Aceh.” In Islam and the Limits of the State: Reconfigurations of Practice, Community and Authority in Contemporary Aceh, eds. R. Michael Feener, David Kloos, and Annemarie Samuels. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 141–65.
Stacki, Sandra L. 2008. “Structure and Agency in India’s Teacher Education Policy: Women Teachers’ Progress through a Critical Feminist Lens.” In The Structure and Agency of Women’s Education, ed. Mary Ann Maslak. Albany: State University of New York Press, 49–66.
Steenbrink, Karel. 2007. Chatolics in Indonesia, 1808-1942: A Documented History. Leiden: KITLV Press.
Stephan, Rita. 2013. “Creating Solidarity in Cyberspace: The Case of Arab Women’s Solidarity Association United.” Journal of Middle East Women’s Studies 9(1): 81–109. https://read.dukeupress.edu/jmews/article/9/1/81-109/15784.
Sulaiman, Teuku Muhammad Jaafar. 2015. “Robohnya Rumah Tuhan Di Negeri Syariat: Perjuangan Hak Beribadah Gereja Bethel Indonesia Di Kota Bandar Wisata Islam.” In Praktik Pengelolaan Keragaman Di Indonesia: Kontestasi Dan Koeksistensi, ed. Mohammad Iqbal Ahnaf. Banda Aceh: CRCS Universitas Gadjah Mada, 11–35.
———. 2018. “Dampak Qanun Terhadap Eksistensi Rumah Ibadah Di Aceh.” In Praktik Pengelolaan Keragaman Di Indonesia: Konstruksi Identitas Dan Ekslusi Sosial, eds. Mohammad Iqbal Ahnaf, Trisno Sutanto, Subandri Simbolon, and Aziz Anwar Fachrudin. Yogyakarta: CRCS Universitas Gadjah Mada, 173–86.
Tahiiev, Akif. 2021. “Minority within a Minority: Shia Community in Ukraine.” International Journal of Islamic Thought 19(1): 14–20. http://www.ukm.my/ijit/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/IJIT-Vol-19-June-2021_2_14-20.pdf.
Waggoner, Matt. 2005. “Irony, Embodiment, and the ‘Critical Attitude’: Engaging Saba Mahmood’s Criticque of Secular Morality.” Culture and Religion: An Interdisciplinary Journal 6(2): 237–61.
Wardlow, Holly. 2006. Wayward Women: Sexuality and Agency in a New Guinea Society. Berkeley, London, Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Zion-Waldoks, Tanya. 2015. “Politics of Devoted Resistance: Agency, Feminism, and Religion among Orthodox Agunah Activists in Israel.” Gender & Society 29(1): 73–97.
Zulkarnaini, Zulkarnaini, Muhammad Ansor, and Laila Sari Masyhur. 2022. “Sharia in Power: Non-Muslims and the Performance of Islamic Politics in Aceh Public Sphere, Indonesia.” Indonesian Journal of Islam and Muslim Societies 12(2): 257–83. https://ijims.iainsalatiga.ac.id/index.php/ijims/article/view/5952.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Al-Widad

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.